Two Ways to Belong in America

America Dream† she never lost who she was. She never lost her Indian background. Two sisters went to America, so that they can get a great education and also a great Job. Even though they had the same idea coming to America, they both went different ways. These two sisters, they are exactly the same. They have some differences but then it starts happening when they get married.Mira gets married to an Indian man and Bharati gets married to an American man. Mira worked hard to make a living so that when she is ready to retire she has enough to move back to India. Bharati traveled around North America with her husband being an American citizen. Mira wasn't a citizen and her boss wanted a labor certification, but she couldn't provide it so she felt like she was being used. Mira paid her taxes, she loves America and she loves India.She believes that they should start the bill for immigrants who come into the country after the bill has been passed. I feel that Mira doesn't have to be in love with the country but she puts enough dedication to the country that she wants to be a citizen so she doesn't have to go back to India. In the end Bharati explains that her sister Mira is an example of a bigger issue that many people come to America on visa's and when it's over they want to stay because they think it's a great place.

Morbid place Essay

Pip thinks that Magwitch looks as though he is ‘eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. ‘ There is a gibbet where a pirate had once been buried in the marshes and Pip looks at Magwitch ‘†¦ as if he were the pirate come to life, and come down, and going back to hook himself up again. ‘ Dickens makes the reader wonder if that is how Magwitch is going to meet his end. The descriptions from Pip are very eloquent and show us that he has a wonderful imagination. In Dickens’s time, criminals (and a person could be called this just for stealing a loaf of bread for his/her family, or committing some sort of petty crime) were thrown into prison or put in hulks. Hulks were old naval ships that had been converted into prisons; the convicts were shackled so that there was less chance of escaping. If a person escaped from a hulk s/he was transported to Australian on a ship that had atrocious living conditions, many people dies from disease or malnutrition before they arrive din Australia. People were thrown into the debtor’s prison when they got into any debt, even if they only owed a little bit of money. The person in debt was imprisoned indefinitely until the person who they owed the money was satisfied. Many debtors died in these prisons because of the terrible living conditions. This is extremely different to how it is now, and so the modern reader doesn’t understand the situation. Today almost everyone is in some sort of debt; mortgages, loans, overdrafts, and yet no one is thrown into prison for it. Magwitch speaks as though he’s not very educated. He says â€Å"wittles† when he means ‘victuals’, â€Å"partickler† instead of ‘particular’ and â€Å"percooliar† when he should say ‘peculiar’. Dickens uses phonetics to show his dialect and colloquialisms. This makes Magwitch seem not very sophisticated. The ‘younger’ Pip’s dialogue shows that he has had some sort of education as it’s a lot more educated than Magwitch’s: â€Å"If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I shouldn’t be sick†. But when compared to the ‘older’ Pip’s dialogue, we can see that he became more educated: â€Å"It was a dressing-room†¦ and prominent in it was a draped table with a gilded looking-glass. † Miss Havisham and Estella seem to speak ‘posh’ and rather snobby. When they are playing cards Estella says: â€Å"He calls the knaves Jacks! † She obviously thinks that her way of talking is proper. Dickens shows the reader how the different classes spoke in Victorian times; from the poor and uneducated (Magwitch) to the wealthy and refined (Miss Havisham). We don’t see much of Estella and Dickens leaves the reader asking questions; who is the young and pretty girl and what is she doing in such a morbid place? But what we do see isn’t very nice. Although she is a beautiful girl she is very vindictive. â€Å"†¦ what coarse hands he has. And what thick boots! † She makes Pip feel ashamed of himself and doesn’t even say his name; she talks as if she is speaking about him to someone else, as if she could never lower her standards enough to talk to such a common ‘thing’. ‘She put the mug down and on the stones of the yard, and gave me the bread and meat without looking at me, as insolently as if I were a dog in disgrace. ‘ She isn’t satisfied until she makes Pip ‘lean against the wall and cry’ and watched him twist his hair with bitter frustrations. Miss Havisham is unusual because although aged, she is not married. In Dickens’s England a woman was expected to get married and then look after her husband and children for the rest of her life. This was necessary because women relied on their fathers, then their husbands. Without a husband how would a woman survive if her father died? Or ran into debt? This is another situation were that the modern reader finds unusual. These days, women have equal rights and do not need to get married. Dickens makes us feel some kind of consideration for Miss Havisham during our first meeting with her: ‘†¦ The bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress, and like the flowers†¦ ‘ She seems like an injured soul and we comprehend why when she says her heart is â€Å"broken! † The reader wonders how come Miss Havisham is in her unmarried state and this makes us feel sorry for her. She lives in the dark, keeping all the light out as if she can’t bear to face the world. Then the reader’s attitude towards her changes when we realise that Miss Havisham just wants Pip for a plaything and we begin to feel less kind towards her. When she goes as far as telling Estella to â€Å"beggar him† and â€Å"break his heart† we definitely we definitely start to dislike her. The reader doesn’t feel that Pip is safe with her. The differences between the happenings now and in ‘Great Expectations’ make the modern reader surprised and mystified, but still able to relate to Pip’s story. ‘Great Expectations’ is can still be related to today because at some point, everyone goes through the struggles that Pip must battle. It shows that assets and wealth do not change who people are inside, and that finding one’s self can be a long tedious process until finally everything becomes clear. Dickens wrote ‘Great Expectations’ as a way for him to introduce himself into his writing; many aspects of his life can be found in the book, making it very autobiographical. It was also a way of making his feelings known about the social issues in England in his time. He tells the reader not to judge people, as appearances are very deceptive. The ‘moral’ of the story seems to be that no matter how you change your outward appearance and how much you educate yourself, you can’t change who you really are.

BP Oil and Gas Industry

The BP or Deepwater Horizon oil spill is considered as the biggest oil spill in the entire history of United Kingdom. The explosion of Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico severely injured and destroyed the lives of several people. Furthermore, because of the explosion, the fire burnt for over one and a half days, thereby creating havoc and leading to mass destruction all around. Not only the businesses located in the Gulf region but also the tourism and fishing industries were badly affected because of the spill. panies associated with this spill faced various problems as they were under an obligation to not only clear the spill but also pensate the ones affected due to it. In order to initiate relief proceedings, an attorney group was found and BP had to encounter various lawsuits because the impact of the spill was disastrous as it spread over 490 miles, thereby affecting many states including Florida, Mississippi, etc. Since BP was the key player in the Macondo Project, the co nsequences encountered by it were pletely legitimate and accurate because panies that put the environment at stake owes a non-delegable responsibility in the form of such consequences (Chevron Corporation, 2013). Going by the impacts and the overall assessment it will be clear that BP flouted the and hence the fines and penalties were legitimate. Since BP played the key role in creating such havoc and destruction through the spill, it had to encounter such problems in the form of lawsuits and pensation. In the initial segments, BP will be taken into consideration and thereafter the environment in which the pany operates will be considered. Furthermore, the vigor of the spill will also be given due importance in order to understand the financial entanglements, lawsuits, and other problems encountered by BP (CBS Chicago, 2013). Moreover, this research also aims to advocate about the financial impacts faced by BP after the oil spill. Hence, this research is very significant, as the deficiencies possessed by the oil panies can be known and panies like BP might remain cautious in future. British Petroleum, a leading international producer of gas has many histories of gross misconduct in its operations since 1995. In relation to the oil spill, it is notable that it was not only the biggest but also the most disastrous in the entire history of UK. This makes it clear that BP’s misconduct was highly punishable by law because the businesses, individuals, marine habitats, etc were all badly affected by the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, Tony Hayward, Chief Executive of BP agreed to all these damages and claims, as it had no other option (BP Plc, 2014). Since the effects of the spill were massive and widespread, spill cleaning was the prime responsibility of BP. Therefore, the pany took several steps to clean the spill and for this operation, it directed a fleet of vessels and arranged various tools that could assist the vessels in collecting the oil floating in water (Jacobson, 2013). Approximately 5000 vessels and ninety thousand people were directed to plete this process efficiently. Furthermore, BP had to incur around $14 million for this operation and after pletion of this process; around 827,046 barrels of oil were collected (Channel News Asia, 2017). As per the survey, out of 4300 miles of shoreline, around 635 miles required manual oil cleaning procedures. Taking all these impacts in due consideration, these consequences were appropriate for the pany. Since BP was the main player in the oil spill, it was under a non-delegable responsibility to take corrective actions, whether the consequences are high or not. Hence, it decided to take various actions in order to restore the Gulf of Mexico and other affected states. These actions prise of cleaning, research, pensation, etc that required millions of dollars (Mason, 2010). In relation to this, approximately $37.2 billion was kept aside by BP in order to manage all the expenses associated with the disaster (Fodor & Stowe, 2010). An oil spill trust was also introduced in association with this matter and it cost a whopping amount of $20 billion to the pany (BP Plc, 2012). In addition, BP also undertook a responsibility to pay $1.25 billion as additional payments every quarter until 2013. These figures depict that BP had to expand heavily in the restoration process but taking the impacts in due consideration, this had to be done. In order to evaluate the environmental impact of the oil spill, BP coordinated and worked with various state and federal bodies. Furthermore, an NRD (Natural Resource Damages) was also initiated in this regard so that the magnitude of damages can be determined and thereafter, proper corrective actions can be decided for the same. In these activities, BP incurred more than $600 million that is a huge expense. In addition to this, BP arranged to undertake many observational surveys to ascertain the impact of the spill on wildlife habitats. Efficient steps were thereafter taken in order to safeguard and relocate the sea turtles by creating special rehabilitation centers for these creatures (Broder & Krauss, 2011). BP also offered a whopping amount of $22 million to the national wildlife and fish foundation. In addition, the pany also incurred more than $500 million over the period of ten years to create an unbiased research program for lessening the impact of the spill. Since several other states were also affected by the spill, BP had assured payments of $87 million to these states in order to safeguard the tourism industry from the disastrous influence of the spill. In addition, BP also arranged to extend $92 million in the year 2011 for the period of three years wherein $63.5 million was provided in 2011 itself and the remaining amounts in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The pany also made proper arrangements in order to examine the seafood industry over the entire region of Gulf of Mexico (Broder, 2012). In relation to this, BP had expended more than $9.3 million for examination of seafood in the year 2011 and an additional $24.2 million in the year 2012. Furthermore, BP also expended an additional $7.1 million for seafood marketing in the year 2011. Hence, taking all these in due consideration, it can be said that the pany had to encounter huge obligations but in lieu of the disastrous impacts on businesses, habitats, individuals, etc, these conseq uences are appropriately fair and accurate (Broder, 2012). In the United States, there was a lack of effective and thorough policy especially in the hands of the officialdom. Therefore, it was certain that the policy to stabilize the peting interests to determine the attainment and utilization of energy were missing. Moreover, since the oil spill came out to be the biggest disaster, this clearly highlights the inefficiency of the regulatory authorities on their part. Furthermore, this also signifies that the failure of regulatory framework was not only attributable to the regulatory authorities, but also to the environmental laws on a whole. Hence, it was evident that the regulatory authorities and the legal system failed to function effectively, thereby leading to such a massive disaster and affecting millions of diversities and people. According to several investigations, it came out that the presence of powerful and efficient statutory policies could have assisted in safeguarding from such a disaster. Hence, this also portrays a misbalance in the theory of public interest and notion of effective corporate governance and ethics. Furthermore, in relation to the theory of public interest, if the markets were left to operate on their own, then they would behave indifferently since they are delicate in nature (Jefferson & Bowling, 2011). However, the oil spill still occurred even in the prevalence of proper control by the statutory authorities. This depicts a failure and inefficiency on the part of authorities. It is the prime responsibility of the regulators to act in an efficient manner so that the public interests are not taken for granted and proper assistance is provided to them. Furthermore, contingencies are uncertain and the regulators must make proper ways and create backup strategies in order to be prepared for such situations. However, this failed to happen in the case of BP oil spill that clearly sheds light on their inefficiencies, thereby leading to a massive havoc. Because of such a massive disaster, ways were planted for several new procedures and plans. The oil spill incident came out to be one of the biggest mistakes on the part of BP, thereby leading towards the destruction of businesses, wildlife habitats, and the environment as a whole. Investigations carried out after the disaster sheds light on the urgent requirement of effective corporate governance in panies (Cleveland, 2010). It was also notable that BP did not pensate in full for the damages occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and other states. If the investigation were not conducted, the pany would not have e forward in order to accept their grave mistake. Moreover, the pany was fined a whopping amount of $4 billion that is not a heavy amount when pared to their never-ending profits of more than $11 billion. The closing share price of BP as on 19 April 2010 reported at $59.48 whereas its market capitalization reported at $186.20 billion. It is notable that on the day of occurrence of the oil spill, BP’s stock price depicted an upward trend rising from $59.48 to $60.48 (Booz & Hamilton, 2010). This came out to be a shock even after the massive impact of the oil spill. However, after nine days, the stock price started falling down and reported at $54.7, which is a massive decline of 8.3%. Since this day, the stock prices continued to decline and reported at $27.02, which is a decline of 54.6% since 19 April. Moreover, in terms of market capitalization, this decline portrayed a massive loss of $101.59 billion (CBS Chicago, 2013). The above report gives a strong emphasis on the oil spill and it is clear from the discussion and argument that there BP flouted laws and made grave mistakes. The result gives a glaring response that there must be stringent policies on the oil panies so that any law is not broken. Further, the oil, as well as gas panies must chalk out emergency plans and the offshore operations must be aware of it. There must be a strong hazard program and skills must be updated so that potential liability can be meeting with ease and flexibility. When it es to huge entities like BP it has a strong team that has a strong hold so that any potential liability can be minimized. As a matter of fact, the Oil Spill had a disaster impact on BP and its partner. To make up for the loss, BP sold $30 billion assets for the cleanup, legal claims, etc. This prised 20% of the total assets of the pany and ultimately was followed by a huge set back to the prices of stock. The policies that look after corporation’s liability are noted with precision. However, the stress must now be provided on the part of the corporate social responsibility that will negate the negative impact on the society and create goodwill for the pany. Acts like BP oil spill can be eliminated if the regulator crafts a strong policy and mittee are set up for looking at such situations.   Booz, A & Hamilton, A 2010, The Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Market Response - Part One, Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Broder, J. M 2012, Ruling Favours Owner of Rig in Gulf Spill, The New York Times, viewed 28 January 2017, https://www.nytimes /2012/01/27/business/energy-environment/transocean-not-liable-for-some-gulf-spill-claims-judge-rules.html. Broder, J. M., & Krauss, C 2011, Regulation of Offshore Rigs Is a Work in Progress, The New York Times, viewed 28 January 2017, https://www.nytimes /2011/04/17/us/politics/17regulate.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 BP Plc 2014, Annual report and accounts 2014, viewed 27 January 2017, https://www.bp /content/dam/bp country/de_de/PDFs/brochures/BP_Annual_Report_and_Form_20F_2014.pdf BP Plc 2012, Annual report and accounts 2014, viewed 27 January 2017, https://www.bp /content/dam/bp/pdf/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2012.pdf CBS Chicago 2013, BP Settles Class-Action Lawsuit Over Tainted Gasoline, CBS Chicago, viewed 27 January 2017, https://chicago.cbslocal /2013/08/21/bp-settles-class-action-lawsuit-over-tainted-gasoline/ Channel News Asia 2013, BP says oil spill pensation fund running out, viewed 25 January 2017, &lRequired actiont;https://www.channelnewsasia >. Chevron Corporation 2013, Corporate Responsibility, Chevron, viewed 27 January 2017, https://www.chevron /corporateresponsibility/ Cleveland, C. J 2010,   Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,   viewed 26 January 2017, https://www.eoearth.org/article/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill?topic=50364. Cherry, M.A., Sneirson, J.F 2010, ‘Beyond Profit: Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility and Green washing after the BP Oil Disaster’, Tulane Law Review, vol. 85, no.4, pp. 983-1038 Fodor, A., Stowe, J.D 2010, The BP Oil Disaster: Stock and Option Market Reactions, Working Paper, Ohio University. Jefferson, J., Bowling, N 2011, The Economic and Biological Impacts of The BP Oil Spill, NDS 372.01 Environmental Studies Capstone Seminar. Jacobson, M 2013, By the Numbers: The Oil Spill and BP's Legal Troubles, PBS News Hour, viewed 26 January 2017, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/07/gulf-oil-spill-by-the-numbers.html. Mason, J.R 2010, The Economic Cost of a Moratorium on Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration to the Gulf Region, Working Paper :Louisiana State University. Yahoo 2013, BP plc (BP), Yahoo Finance, viewed 26 January 2017, https://finance.yahoo /q?s=BP.

CritiqueThe Article Marketing Myopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CritiqueThe Article Marketing Myopia - Essay Example Companies should satisfy customers through inventiveness and skill. The dry cleaning industry is currently an industry that is in turmoil. Innovations such as synthetic fibers and chemical additives have cut the need for dry cleaning. Utilities may be natural monopolies now, but in the future the rise of renewable energy sources such as solar can replace the need for the electric grid infrastructure. The supermarket industry is extremely competitive and has many participants. Market changes can alter the longevity and profitability of an industry. According to Levitt (2004) there is no such thing as a growth industry since there are only companies organized and operated to create and capitalize on growth opportunities. The oldest growth industry is the petroleum industry. The population myth is the belief that profits are assured by the expanding and more affluent population. In an expanding market companies often fail to apply imagination in its decision making. The petroleum indust ry is an example of an industry that has become complacent in its business practices due to the fact that the petroleum industry’s efforts have focused on improving the efficiency of getting and making its product, not really on improving the generic product or its marketing. This has cause innovation to be stagnant among industry participants. The development of superior alternative fuel has come from outside the oil industry. The oil industry is convinced that there is no substitute for its major product, gasoline. The most important innovation that had a great impact on the demand for crude oil was the invention of the combustion engine. The combustion engine created the demand for gasoline. An industry that is competing with the oil industry is natural gas. Natural gas serves as a substitute product of heating oil. The U.S. production of petrochemicals accounts for 2% of the demand of all petroleum products. The industry is growing at a rate of 10% per year. There is no g uaranteed for obsolesce of a product in the future. When companies focus too much on production their marketing efforts get neglected. Unit costs decline as production increases. Mass production creates greater pressure to move the product. Marketing oriented companies try to create value-satisfying goods and services that customers want to buy. The seller is supposed to get input from the buyer to determine what goods the seller should offer to its customer base. The automobile industry spends millions of dollars annually on consumer research. The Detroit auto industry has not been doing enough to satisfy the needs of the customers. Some of the weaknesses of the U.S auto industry are point of sales, automotive repair and maintenances. The mentality of the Detroit executives is that marketing is a consequence of the product instead of vice-versa. Henry Ford is the most brilliant and senseless marketer in American history. A concept discussed in the article that I believe is extremel y important is the emphasis on customer orientation instead of product orientation strategy. Focusing on the customer has become more important than ever in order to improve the customer retention rate of the enterprise. Competition is tougher than ever in virtually every industry. Today American companies face major competition from foreign companies. An advantage of the globalization movement is access to a large supply of

RAW #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RAW #8 - Essay Example The principle is important because it protects both the companies and workers against exploitation and labor abuse (United Nations Global Compact). This ensures that all parties must have terms governing their contracts to avoid future disputes. The Elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation principle is about equitable treatment of workers without favoritism, prejudice or harassment. As a result, the principle means that organizations should ensure they embrace different opinions and backgrounds of their workers by observing national and local rules (United Nations Global Compact). The adherence to this principle means that they need to set rules that embrace all backgrounds, promote efforts that create a climate of tolerance and have programs supporting staff development on equal bases. This principle is essential in that it informs companies of their roles in eliminating discrimination elements (United Nations Global Compact). This starts from the recruitment to promotion of workers within an organization and across the different communities. In this regard, it is vital to embrace divergent opinions in order to attract appreciation and respect among the

Art History (world of art) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art History (world of art) - Essay Example Much of their art includes actual human skulls. It is customary for the Asmat to keep the skulls of their enemies once they have killed them. The Asmat even named their children after enemies which they have killed. The Asmat are also known for using human skulls to rest their heads on at night, instead of pillows. The Asmat do, however, consider wood to be very sacred. The reason for this is that they believe that they actually arose or came from wood. They are known in addition to being cannibals as being magnificent word carvers. Much of their art is derived from wood or carved into wood thus honoring their belief system of the sanctity of wood. One piece in particular known as Korvar, is a wood carving depicting what looks like a small human-like deity with a large head. This could be considered to be a deity of wood or an embodiment of the sacred wood that the Asmat held as sacred. The face of the carving is less human-like than the body. It has almost a bill-like mouth and undefined eyes. Carvings of the Papua Gulf tribes (Kerewa) included agibas (essentially a skull rack). These agibas were used to hang human skulls for display. The skulls were often decorated with shells, seeds and other organic materials. One agibas could be used to hold hundreds of skulls belonging to one clan or tribal segment. Often the agibas would be fashioned into human appearance or a pair of humans. The Kerewa of the Papua Gulf truly embraced cannibalism and â€Å"head hunting† as a way of life. The fact that they had artifacts which were hand carved specifically for the purpose of displaying the skulls of their enemies serves to emphasize this. Among Native North Americans, the belief in spirit guides was not only a sense of spirituality but a way of life. It was believed that spirit guides granted certain individuals â€Å"privileges† that could be carried down through generations. For example,

Response to at least 3 students assignment posting separately (80 Coursework

Response to at least 3 students assignment posting separately (80 words each) with at least 2 references - Coursework Example Health records are sensitive information yet are vital in the effective treatment of patients. A national HER system would greatly increase efficiency as well as provide vital information e.g. chronic conditions or allergies that make some procedures unsuitable for some patients during medical emergencies (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2012). The issue of security and privacy can be easily addressed by the federal government having central servers and records being accessed only by ascertained health practitioners with proper security credentials allowing them access to the records (Gunter and Terry, 2005). The example of using technology to address issues of air quality is a perfect example of technology being used to enhance policy implementation (Shafie, 2008). At the same time, hierarchical agency compliance is promoted as information sharing from the federal, state and local agencies moves quickly and efficiently. In addition to that, the people affected by the policies and its outcomes can share information among themselves and the agencies thus giving much needed feedback and suggestions for improvement of service delivery (AirNow, 2012). Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2012). EHR incentive programs. Available from: http://www.cms.gov/RegulationsandGuidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/index. html?redirect=/EHRIncentivePrograms/ 30_Meaningful_Use.asp Shafie, D. M. (2008). â€Å"Participation in E-rulemaking: Interest groups and the standard-setting process for hazardous air pollutants.† Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 5(4), 399-410.

Does the development of technology determine the form and social Essay

Does the development of technology determine the form and social importance of television Refer to at least two theorists in your answer - Essay Example Studies have revealed that the television is increasingly taking a backseat to the cell phone and the personal computer especially amongst consumers aged 18 to 34 years. This decline of television can be explained by various theories, two of which are Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovation and the theory of functional displacement. A disruptive technology refers to the radical innovations in existing systems or practices such that it drastically transforms the market, creates entirely new markets or destroys the current markets for other technologies, which, in the case of television, turned out to be the internet. On the other hand, the functional displacement theory states that when the functions of a particular pre-existing medium are overtaken by a newer medium, the older medium tends to maintain its position by finding new functions. This paper, throws light the impact of technology on the form and social importance of television by discussing all of the above ment ioned themes in detail. In the modern era of innovation and globalization, with shrinking distances and integrated economies, the world of technology is in an imminent perilous state. Technology is the formation of new ideas, products or tools that extend our natural abilities and bring about changes in our social environment. Technology is completely responsible for how structured our civilization has become. Modern technology has not just influenced the industrial and corporate world but also has a great impact on our personal lives. Many of the everyday items we use nowadays are a result of technology. These technological advancements have brought about improvements in our health, the clothes we wear, the way we travel and communicate and hence, revolutionized the way we live. In this fast growing world of technology, people are continuously looking for new and innovative ways of communication. Before

Historical Milestones in Production and Operations Management Essay

Historical Milestones in Production and Operations Management - Essay Example While the process involved may vary from organization to organization depending on the nature of output be it tangible product or intangible service, the essential elements of production and operation management is concerned with the management of input-throughput-output process effectively and efficiently Operation Management can, therefore, be defined as â€Å"the management of the conversion process, which converts land, labor, capital and management inputs in to desired outputs of goods and services†. The progression of terms used for this management function over the centuries as manufacturing management, production management, and operations management, is a good indication of the evolution process it has undergone and the historical milestones it has achieved which will be the focus of evaluation in this essay. The origins of operations management can be traced to the Industrial Revolution era which began in the 1700s in England. The main features of the changes which t ook place during this era were the Centralized production, Powered machinery, and concept of Factory production. One of the landmark achievements of this era was the steam engine being invented by James Watt in 1764, which provided a new source of energy to power the factory concept. Another key milestone which revolutionized the discipline was the 1776 publication of Adam Smith’s seminal work known commonly as â€Å"The Wealth of Nations† which proposed the economic benefits associated with specialization of labor. His recommendation was that work should be broken down to subtasks, and assigned to workers where they became specialized in performing this tasks with efficiency through repetitive performance. As the industrial revolution gained momentum and spread to other parts of the world, Eli Whitney from America developed the concept of â€Å"Interchangeable parts† in 1970, laying the foundation for volume productions and standardized parts and the inception of large-scale factories in industries such as textile. By the mid-1800s, the traditional manufacturing systems associated with cottage and artisan productions was completely replaced by factory systems which also brought in new challenges such as managing the workforce and management of quality issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚